Glossary

Calyx: The end of the apple (opposite the stem) where the remnants of the flower are found.
Diapause: A period of suspended development and growth accompanied by decreased metabolism in insects and some other animals. It is correlated with seasonal changes.
Frass: The excrement of the codling moth.
Heliacal: The heliacal rising of a star is the first day when, after rising behind the sun for a large portion of the year, it begins to rise enough earlier than the sun so as to be briefly visible before the sun comes up. The heliacal or Sothic year is determined by the heliacal rising of Sothis (the Egyptian name for the Dog Star).
PHI: Preharvest Interval is the wait time between a pesticide application and when a crop can be harvested.
Photoperiod: Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the seasonal changes in length of day or night.
Pyrethrin: Pyrethrin or pyrethrum (PyGanic, Pyrenone) is produced in the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and is the forerunner of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. It is available as an emulsifiable concentrate, (PyGanic), or synergized by piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone). Pyrethrin is labeled against a large number of pests. It may be moderately to highly effective against leafhoppers, aphids, pear psylla, apple maggot, codling moth, true bugs, caterpillars, mealybugs, plum curculio, and thrips. It is quickly broken down in the environment and may be used up to and including the day of harvest. Pyrethrin is relatively non-toxic to humans and other mammals, although the dust produces allergy attacks in people who are allergic to ragweed pollen. The acute oral LD50 is 1200 to 1500 mg/kg. It is toxic to fish, and has a low bee-poisoning hazard (Cooley et al.).
REI: Reentry Interval or Restricted Entry Interval is the amount of time workers have to wait before entering the field after pesticide treatments.
Stanza: Configuration files contain blocks of options. Each option name is set off from its value by an equal sign (=). The name/value pair for each option is termed a 'scalar.' A block of options is termed a 'stanza' and is given a name in square brackets.
Systemic: Systemic insecticides become incorporated and distributed systemically throughout the whole plant.